Airborne infectious disease

Airborne infectious disease Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease which is caused by bacteria belonging to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex1. There are approximately one third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis where nine millions of new cases reported annually2. Although tuberculosis is essentially curable and preventable, it continues to cause millions of deaths every year2. When infected individual coughs, sneezes or spits, M. tuberculosis is propelled into the air and infected those who breathed in the bacteria that existed in droplets of saliva3. Primarily, tuberculosis will affect the lungs, known as pulmonary tuberculosis3. It will also affect other parts of body, for instance lymph nodes, bones, brain and kidneys3. Once a person is infected with tuberculosis, there are basically three possible ways may occur. Firstly, the immune system plays a vital role and strong enough to kill the bacteria3. Secondly, immune system is not strong enough to fight off the ba cteria but is able to build a defensive barrier against the bacteria3. Individuals who are latently infected with M. tuberculosis show asymptomatic where these bacteria lie dormant in the lungs and able to reactivate after years1. The disease is often reactivated in those who are immunocompromised or generally weakened. Lastly, the immune system fails to kill bacteria causing the bacteria to grow and spread towards other parts of body which is called active tuberculosis3. In the fight of tuberculosis, World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends universal Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccination in the countries with high TB burdens4. BCG vaccine contains weakened form of M. tuberculosiswhich will induce antibodies to fight against this type of bacteria. The efficacy of BCG vaccination can be ranging from 0% to 84%5. This may be due to the frequency of TB exposure and quality of vaccine used, leading to arguments on BCG vaccination efficacies4. One of the greatest arguments is th at BCG vaccination causing positive reactions to tuberculin skin testing and hence interfere with the diagnosis of latent TB4. Existence of evidences showing the rates of efficacy also depends on geographical location, age at vaccination and form of TB further complicate the situation. Currently, TB chemotherapy is made up of a cocktail of first-line drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (EMB) 6. If the treatment fails due to bacterial drug resistance, or patient unable to tolerate, second-line drugs for instance para-aminosalicylate (PAS), fluoroquinolones, ethionamide and cycloserine are introduced6. These are considered as second line drugs generally either less potent with larger doses or more toxic with serious side effects6. Tuberculosis is presently treated in two phases, namely initial phase and continuous phase7. In initial phase, the patient will be treated with concurrent use of four first line drugs, with the aim to eradicate or contr ol bacteria population to replicate in rapid motion and also avoid the emergence of bacteria resistance7. The treatment choices available for initial treatment include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol7. Streptomycin is used rarely but can be used in patients who infected with bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid before the therapy is commenced7. The duration for initial phase is 2 months whereas the continuous phase takes 4 months7. During the four months of continuous phase, patients are treated with isoniazid and rifampicin at same doses7. Most of the TB treatment is supervised where drug administration needs to be fully supervised by healthcare professions since lengthy duration of treatment causing incompliance in patients7. These patients who are unlikely to be compliance will be given the drugs three times a week until the course is completed while patients who able to comply with the treatment will not be supervised7.

Fungi as a source of food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fungi as a source of food - Essay Example There is vitamin d2 production when ergosterols in mushrooms are exposed to ultraviolet light. Fungi have certain interesting twists especially when one zeros down to the mushrooms. In the ancient Egypt for example, mushrooms were exclusively believed to be foods for the royalties. The unique flavors intrigued the powerful pharaohs to the extent of declaring them illegal for the commoners to consume. In china, Greece, Mexico, Russia and Latin America, the practice of mushroom rituals took place. They believed that mushrooms possessed properties capable of producing super human strengths. They also believed that mushrooms could help recover lost objects, and take the human soul to the presence of the gods (Phillips and Reid 62). Edible fungi like mushroom have been in consumption since the 18th century. France prides early leadership in the farming of mushrooms with certain accounts stating that Louis XIV being the first mushroom grower. Mushrooms were grown near Paris in special caves set aside for this activity. Mushroom farming later spread to England since the farmers there found it very easy to grow. It demanded low investments, less labor and space. Mushroom farming found its way to the United States in the 19th century though the growers there largely depended on the spawn they imported from England (Phillips and Reid 32). A book was published in 1891 shedding a lot of light on mushroom growing. Immediately after, the department of agriculture in the U.S allocated some money in research and produced a pure-culture virgin spawn cutting their dependency on imported spawn. The growth of mushroom production has since then achieved great development in the U.S. Recent research by scientists on hallucinogen psilocybin, which is an active ingredient in mushrooms, shows that one dose causes serious positive personality change in their patients. The changes were

Legal Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Department - Essay Example As Adoranti (2006) explains, business to business and commercial contracts explicitly define the obligations of sellers and buyers. This includes the specifications of the contacted for products/services, their quality and time/place of delivery. The violation of contractual obligations, on either side, can be cause for the invalidation of the contract and grounds for the payment of financial penalties (Adoranti, 2006). As our organization's legal councilor emphasized, the binding form of contracts implies that it is incumbent upon the organization to ensure that a contract works in its favor and not against it. Hence, within the context of our organization, the policy is that no sales contract is signed prior to the formulation of an inter-departmental business plan which details how the organization will fulfill the contract and whether, indeed, it can. Only following a thorough review of this plan does the legal department authorize the signature of the contract. The regulations which the legal department has imposed upon contractual commitments are an outcome of prior negative experiences. Two years ago an overenthusiastic sales department committed the company to the supply of more than it could produce within a specified time period. As the Sales Director had the authority to conclude contracts, the outcome was the overextension of corporate resources in a bid to satisfy its contractual obligations and, ultimately, a failure to meet the time of delivery, resulting in the imposition of fines upon the company. This incident, as the corporate legal councilor informed me, instigated a revision of corporate policy, whereby contracts could only be entered into following inter-departmental meetings and the formulation of business plans which outline strategies for the fulfillment of contractual obligations. Contracts, however, do not represent the extent of the legal department's involvement in corporate and business processes and relations. Indeed, one of the department's primary concerns is employee relations, the implementation of corporate policy and the assurance of adherence. Insofar as the aforementioned is concerned, Poole (2004) identifies it as one of the more important of any corporate legal department's responsibilities, comparable to the implementation of law and order. As such, the legal department governs/supervises employee relations and ensures adherence to a specific code of conduct. This code of conduct extends to company-related behavior following the termination of the employee-employer relation. For example, in the event of an employee's dismissal for non performance of job related responsibilities, he/she is, as per the employment contract signed, warned against both defaming the company and exposing company business secrets. This, as the legal councilor advised m e, was standard practice in most organizations but, without doubt, one of the more important of the legal department's responsibilities as it involved the safeguarding of the company from disgruntled former employees. The protection of the company against defamation, not just by former employees but by competitors and the media consumes much of the legal depa

Michelangelo and The Sistine Chapel Frescos Essay -- essays research p

On the 10th of May 1508 I signed a contract to agree to fulfill Pope Julius’commission on painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. I had bad feelings about thewhole thing from the day Julius commissioned me to paint instead of sculpt. I am anarchitect and sculptor not a fresco painter. It is not that I doubt my ability’s to completesuch a task, but I believe that there are other artists that would be much better suited for the job than I. It is of course an honor to be chosen to paint such a ceiling and Julius isfar to stubborn to find anyone else but myself, so I will paint and I will make it one of thegreatest fresco paintings there will ever be.(Brandes, 254).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The scaffolding that was to be used for the work was horrible. Bramante haddesigned a scaffolding that required holes in my ceiling. How was I to paint a gloriouswork of art with holes in it! The first thing I did was have his scaffolding torn apart. Ithen designed a new structure; my ingenious scaffold increased its strength with the weight that was put on it. I mounted floor boards along obliquely running columns thatwere separated my wedges of wood. Maybe Julius has chosen the right man for the job   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I sent to Florence for a number of assistance to help me with the fresco’s and thetechnique since I am somewhat hazy with the technique involved. I started my work onthe cartoons for the frescos. These 12 Apostles that I am commissioned to paint are soboring I must find a way around painting them in such a dull fashion. As we started to paint the fresco’s I became very uninspired by the idea of the 12 apostles I was upset andconfused. I knew that this was not the right idea for the ceiling.(Redig De Campos, 170).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I talked with Julius today and we discussed the project. I told him that â€Å"It wasmuch to poor a thing to paint only the Apostles.† And when he asked why I repliedâ€Å"Because the Apostles, too, were poor.† He told me to paint as I please, and now I willthe only problem is I don’t quite know what is right yet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had a vision for the ceiling while outside daydreaming today. I will paint theCreation of Man and the Creation of the Universe, I will tie in the already existingfrescos on the walls to the ceiling frescos by painting events that preceded the two epochof Sub lege and S... ... (Brandes, 264).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I tried to keep my painting style very consistent from painting to painting on the ceiling. I was going for a watercolor effect for the whole project and I did this by avoiding some colors and using a variety of others. I avoided pure reds, blues, and whites. The whites that I used I gave a bluish, yellow, or sometimes a brown tint. I did this to avoid a pure color standing out in the whole painting and to avoid distracting the viewer. I also left out gold and instead simulated it with other variations of color. When Julius asked me why I didn’t use real gold I replied â€Å"The prophets I have painted were poor men; they had no gold.† Julius was very material and loved his jewelry andexpensive clothing, he did not understand the reality of being a poor man. (Brandes, 274).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is now complete and I will return to Florence to practice there. I believe that I have created something very special in this chapel. I have expressed my feelings and sent a message for all mankind to see. I owe this great piece of art to my imagination and am very pleased with the final product.

Student from Myanmar

When I was a grade 10 transferee student from Myanmar to Philippines in 2008, I saw how different our education system and the atmosphere of learning from other country. My experiences during these high school years in the Philippines inspired me to become an educator in Myanmar. My first step in preparing for my goal to become an effective educator was when I enrolled Bachelor of Secondary Education major in English at University of the Cordilleras in Baguio City, Philippines in 2011. I understood that education course would equip me with the necessary knowledge and skills to be an effective teacher and leader. I took advantage of all the lessons taught in the classes, I was studying my best in understanding the lessons from my lecturers, professors and classmates knowing that I would return to my mother land, share and apply what goods I have learned in abroad. When, I graduated my bachelor degree in 2015, I came back to my country and started working as a full time English teacher in Yangon, Myanmar. As a teacher my passion is to instill and encourage an inquiring mind to my students. Teaching allows me to work on hearts and minds, to guide people in becoming empowered, creative, liberated human beings who are interested to make a better place for all of us. Secondly, for about three years of teaching, my passion for education reform in Myanmar grow, I have realized that investment must be made in creating education that meets the need of building peace in the country especially with ethnic minority groups, the needs of Myanmar's growing economy and industry growth. It is also vital to enrich the country's academic offerings as I believe education is the ultimate to development of a country and the growth of its people mind. This teaching journey have led me to dream a bigger part of change agent, a desire to improve the education system in my country Myanmar, provide individuals free and quality education, inspire students to strive with the right mindset and creativity, because with the right mindset, it's possible to make all developments from private sectors to public administrations in the country and its citizens' potential. The more I realized it the more I am encouraged to pursue Master Degree in Education. So that I can work for educational reform, and with ample experience I will be able to work with ministry of education in Myanmar, AND VARIOUS NGOs which focus on the improvement of education system, I hope that students are aware of information regarding their chances of becoming their dream person, by running campaigns to inform students about scholarship programs all around the world, giving them guide how to achieve the scholarship, even work for students to achieve their dreams. Eventually I will like launch my own organization that focus on quality education as a whole particularly training teachers all around the country, who would reach out to their individual places and educate children, who are the hope and backbone of our country's development. It is important that students are given many choices and opportunities to complete their bachelor degree without having to struggle so much with their financial crisis and geographical dispersal.

Alternative Health Care Schools 2019

Alternative health care is a generic term that refers to a number of non-traditional, or at least non-Western, forms of medical treatment. Holistic medicine and naturopathic medicine are umbrella terms for philosophies that encompass some of these forms of treatment. A little research results in an astonishing list of alternative health treatments. By way of example, here is a partial list: acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, bioenergetics, biofeedback, energy healing, herbal treatments, integrative medicine, neuromuscular treatment, polarity therapy, shiatsu, tui na, and structural integration. Some of these are close to mainstream use today, such as acupuncture and the use of herbs for certain common afflictions. Others on that list are in the realm of radical psychology and still others are Eastern forms of treatment that remain obscure in this country. There are schools that provide an educational background on these treatment forms as well as the philosophical underpinnings that have been critical to the introduction of alternative health care in this country. .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:active, .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to InmatesThere is an assortment of massage treatments that are held to have a medical impact, and it is fair to say that some chiropractic practices fall into this category. In the alternative medicine area, there are several types of massage that are practiced and taught. You can find academies that teach massage therapy as a basis for a holistic approach to medicine. Shiatsu is one form of massage therapy brought to us from the East. There is a licensing procedure for these schools in certain states and certification provided for those who complete the course of instruction. Other schools of natural medicine focus on herbal healing combined with additional holistic tools. There are schools of holistic nursing as well. Some schools provide courses that lead to bachelor of science degrees in alternative medicine, covering a wide gamut of alternative healing methods. You can obtain a certificate in integrative health and wellness from one institution in the midwest: this program is designed for health professionals who wish to explore the non-traditional options available in alternative health care. .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:active, .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Employment Opportunities in Criminal JusticeNaturopathic medicine is one of those broad terms that encompass a variety of alternative health care treatment forms. Schools that offer degrees in naturopathic health care take the regimen seriously. There are doctoral programs available in this discipline that require four to five years of study. Integrative health care is a form of alternative medicine that incorporates medical treatments from both traditional and non-traditional fields. One institute describes its program as the integration of acupuncture and Chinese herbal healing methods with complementary and Western medicines. One institute called The Polarity Center is dedicated to teaching methods of energetic studies and energetic bodywork which is integrated with other holistic practices to round out the curriculum. The variety of alternative health care disciplines is fascinating. All of them are taught at some type of educational facility, and many of them are taught in alternative health care schools under the aegis of a single course of study, be it called naturopathic health care or holistic (sometimes wholistic) medicine or some other encompassing term. Choosing an educational path in this area may be challenging. It requires an understanding of the many forms of treatment that are available, and then selecting the combination of alternative health care methods that suit you and choosing a school that will teach them. .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:active, .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ IT Colleges Are The Path To IT CareersRelated ArticlesBachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to InmatesFocused Health Care Planning For StudentsAcquiring a Health Care Degree on the InternetHealth Care Informatics FactsStudent Health Care Plans for School NursesChoosing a Good Health Care Plan

August Wilsons Pittsburgh Cycle

After writing his third play, August Wilson realized he was developing something quite monumental. He had created three different plays set in three different decades, detailing the hopes and struggles of African-Americans. In the early 1980s, he decided that he wanted to create a cycle of ten plays, one play for each decade. Collectively, they would become known as the Pittsburgh Cycle — all but one take place in the citys Hills District. August Wilsons 10 play series is arguably one of the finest literary achievements in contemporary drama. Although they were not created in chronological order, here is a brief synopsis of each play, organized by the decade each one represents. Note: Each of the links connects to an informative New York Times review. Gem Of the Ocean Set in 1904, a young African-American named Citizen Barlow, like many others traveling north in the years after the Civil War arrives in Pittsburgh in search of purpose, prosperity, and redemption. A woman named Aunt Ester, who is rumored to be 285 years old and possess healing powers, decides to help the young man on his life’s journey. Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The title warrants a bit of historical context — Joe Turner was the name of a plantation owner who, in spite of the emancipation proclamation, forced African-Americans to work in his fields. In contrast, Seth and Bertha Holly’s boarding house offers room and nourishment to wayward souls who have been mistreated, abused, and sometimes even kidnapped by members of white society. The play takes place in the year 1911. Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom As four African-American blues musicians wait for Ma Rainey, the famous lead singer of their band, they exchange off-the-cuff jokes and cutting-edge barbs. When the blues diva does arrive, the tensions continue to mount, pushing the group towards its breaking point. The tone is a combination of bitterness, laughter, and the blues, an ideal representation of the black experience during the late 1920s. The Piano Lesson A piano that has been handed down for generations becomes the source of conflict for members of the Charles family. Set in 1936, the storyline reflects the significance of objects in relationship to the past. This play garnered August Wilson his second Pulitzer Prize. Seven Guitars Touching upon the theme of music once again, this drama begins with the death of guitarist Floyd Barton in 1948. Then, the narrative shifts to the past, and the audience witnesses the protagonist in his younger days, ultimately leading up to his demise. Fences Perhaps Wilson’s most renowned work, Fences explores the life and relationships of Troy Maxson, an activist-minded trash collector, and former baseball hero. The protagonist represents the struggle for justice and fair treatment during the 1950s. This moving drama earned Wilson his first Pulitzer Prize. Two Trains Running This multiple award-winning drama is set in Pittsburgh 1969, in the height of the battle for civil rights. In spite of the political and social change that sweeps through the nation, many of the characters of this play are too cynical, too down-trodden to experience hope for the future or rage for the ongoing tragedies. Jitney Set in a cab driver’s station during the boisterous late 1970s, this character-driven play features sharp-witted, hustling co-workers who gossip, argue, and dream in between jobs. King Hedley II Often thought of as the bitterest and most tragic of Wilson’s cycle, the play focuses on the downfall of the prideful ex-con protagonist, King Hedley II (the son of one of the characters from Seven Guitars). The mid-1980s setting finds Wilson’s beloved Hills District in a dismal, poverty-stricken neighborhood. Radio Golf With this 1990s setting, the final play in the cycle tells the story of affluent Harmond Wilks, a successful politician and real estate developer — who considers tearing down a historic old house that once belonged to none other than Aunt Ester. It all comes full circle!